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- The global prison population continues to grow, having reached 11.7 million prisoners worldwide at the end of 2023
- Over a third of the global prison population (3.7 million) remains in pre-trial detention
- While men are more likely to be imprisoned, women face a higher risk of pre-trial detention in Africa and Oceania
- Overcrowding continues to blight prison systems globally, but particularly in Africa and the Americas
- High rates of violent deaths in prison in certain regions indicate unsafe prison conditions
- Among all world regions, European prisons stand out as having the most gender-balanced staff and being least under-staffed
- Rehabilitation begins with conditions that allow prisoners to reimagine themselves and their future
- All prison staff have important roles to play in creating rehabilitative prison environments
- Preparation for release and post-release support are crucial in enabling social reintegration during a period of fundamental readjustment
- Rehabilitation requires a conducive environment to take hold
- Rehabilitative prison environments can be planned and managed, and should be formally incorporated in system-wide strategies, including regular monitoring and evaluation
- The effectiveness of psychological intervention programmes in prison settings depends on context and circumstances
- The evidence on the impact of vocational training on recidivism is mixed